GPS-denied navigation indoors, underground, on moving reference frames, and in urban canyons can be
achieved in a practical approach suitable for use by the warfighter or emergency responder, using robotic vision
algorithms and coupled MEMS-based dead-reckoning modules. Current robotic vision algorithms such as Simultaneous
Location and Mapping (SLAM) are throughput-intensive and are not practical for the dismounted user. The MEMS
provides excellent instantaneous sensor pointing information that reduces the SLAM processing requirements
significantly.

A lightweight mobile testbed of the French Defence Procurement Agency replicates the onboard activity
of an armored tank, using an augmented-reality image enriched with a dynamic overlay of 3D-projected information,
including navigation channels, waypoints, and terrain anomalies. 6D real-time positioning is derived from an
RTK-differential GPS receiver, hybridized with inertial sensors via Kalman-filtering software.

A pseudolite system developed for the U.S. Army uses signals of opportunity to enable high-precision
navigation in regions of GPS denial.

A pseudolite system developed for the U.S. Army uses signals of opportunity to enable high-precision
navigation in regions of GPS denial.

Preplanning information about terrain is as important as real-time navigation for achieving peak
performance in autonomous driving. Both preplanning and navigation amp;mdash; and key technologies to support
them amp;mdash; helped the Carnegie Mellon Red Team successfully guide the robot vehicles Sandstorm and
H1ghlander through the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge course.

Commercial GPS equipment, often present in military applications, is not designed to survive in one of
the world’s harshest electromagnetic environments — the topside of a modern naval warship. One ship’s radar can
often disable another nearby ship’s GPS antennas.

Commercial GPS equipment, often present in military applications, is not designed to survive in one of
the world’s harshest electromagnetic environments — the topside of a modern naval warship. One ship’s radar can
often disable another nearby ship’s GPS antennas.

GPS/INS and infrared optical sensors propel USGS’s transformation of a remote-controlled
one-quarteramp;#8211;scale recreational aircraft into a low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle designed for
environmental particulate collection.

Low-cost, civilian Standard Positioning Service (SPS) GPS technology can appear desirable for some
military applications and even operational fielding. Significant concerns abound, however, including
misunderstandings of operational tradeoffs and increased exposure to specific threats.